Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria :: Essays Papers

Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria Introduction The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for causing 500 million cases of malaria per year as well as 100-200 million deaths per year worldwide (Kuby, p438). The majority of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, especially among malnourished children. Malaria is endemic in 92 countries, where 40% of the world’s population is at risk of the disease (WHO). Documentation of malaria occurs as far back as 4000BC, with mentions of the disease on clay tablets. The name of the disease originates from the late 1800’s and is derived from ‘mal aria,’ meaning bad air. There are four members of Plasmodium that cause malaria along with P. falciparum, with P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae (Schaechter, p450). P. falciparum is considered the most important as it is by far the most deadly species. The primary vector of P. falciparum is the female anopheline mosquito, which uses humans as a host for blood meals. The male anopheline feeds only on plant juices, and is not a competent vector for the disease. Humans compromise the only suitable reservoir in the enzootic cycle of the protozoa (Schaechter, p450). Both the P. falciparum and Anopheles gambiae genomic sequences have been recently published (Gardner et al. Holt et al. 2002), thus giving rise to invaluable tools in the development of new and much needed anti-malarial drugs and vaccines, as well as new targets in mosquito control. Encounter and Entry The female Anopheles interacts with the human host by piercing the host’s epithelium and releasing Plasmodium falciparum from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream while obtaining a blood meal. The form of P. falciparum injected into the human host is the sporozoite stage in the pathogen's life cycle (Kuby, Schaechter). As humans compromise the only competent reservoir for P. falciparum, the female Anopheles must have acquired the protozoan via blood meal from another infected human 9 to 17 days prior to being able to infect a new human host. Spread and Multiplication The sporozoites enter the human host and then travel via the bloodstream to the liver, where they enter liver cells and mature into schizonts after a period of 8-14 days. Sporozoites are covered with a 45-kDa protein called circumsporozoite which mediates adhesion to hepatocytes (Kuby, p439). Schizonts are released into the bloodstream as merozoites after a week, and are capable of entering and lysing erythrocytes and thus causing disease.

Major Depressive Disorder and Patient Essay

Please complete the following: 1. Select correct answer 2. Provide rationale 3. If you complete all successfully, all points will be awarded. 4. Total points: 34 1pt for correct answer, 1 pt for rationale 1. Select the example of tort. a. The primary nurse does not complete the plan of care for a patient within 24 hours of the patient’s admission. b. An advanced practice nurse recommends that a patient who is dangerous to self and others be voluntarily hospitalized. c. A patient’s admission status is changed from involuntary to voluntary after the patient’s hallucinations subside. d. A nurse gives a PRN dose of an antipsychotic drug to a patient to prevent violent acting out because the unit is short staffed. Rationale: 2. A patient states, â€Å"I’m tired of all these therapy sessions. It’s just too much for me.† Using supportive confrontation, the nurse should reply: a. â€Å"It will get better if you just keep trying.† b. â€Å"You are doing fine. Don’t be so hard on yourself.† c. â€Å"Tell me more about how the therapy sessions are too much.† d. â€Å"I know you find this difficult, but I believe you can get through it.† Rationale: 3. What is the best analysis of this interaction? Patient: I get discouraged when I realize I’ve been struggling with my problems for over a year. Nurse: Yes you have, but many people take even longer to resolve their issues. You shouldn’t be so hard on yourself. a. The nurse has responded ineffectively to the patient’s concerns. b. The patient is expressing lack of willingness to collaborate with the nurse. c. The patient is offering the opportunity for the nurse to revise the plan of care. d. The nurse is using techniques that are consistent with the evaluation step of the nursing process. Rationale: 4. A patient with schizophrenia says to the nurse, â€Å"I feel really close to you. You’re the only true friend I have.† Select the nurse’s most therapeutic response. a. â€Å"We are not friends. Our relationship is a professional one.† b. â€Å"I feel sure there are other friends in your life. Can you name some?† c. â€Å"I am glad you trust me. Trust is important for the work we are doing together.† d. â€Å"Our relationship is professional, but let’s explores ways to strengthen friendships in your life.† Rationale: 5. As a patient and nurse move into the working stage of a therapeutic relationship, the nurse’s most beneficial statement is: a. â€Å"I want to be helpful to you as we explore your problems and the way you express feelings.† b. â€Å"A good long-term goal for someone your age would be to develop better job-related skills.† c. â€Å"Of the problems we have discussed so far, which ones would you most like to work on?† d. â€Å"When someone gives you a compliment, I notice that you become very quiet.† Rationale: 6. Complete this goal statement for a newly admitted patient. â€Å"By the end of the orientation stage of the therapeutic relationship, the patient will demonstrate: a. Greater independence.† b. Increased self-responsibility.† c. Trust and rapport with two staff.† d. Ability to problem-solve one issue.† Rationale: 7. A patient with a history of self-mutilation says to the nurse, â€Å"I want to stop hurting myself.† What is the initial step of the problem-solving process to be taken toward resolution of a patient’s identified problem? a. Deciding on a plan of action b. Determining necessary changes c. Considering alternative behaviors d. Describing the problem or situation Rationale: 8. A patient says, â€Å"I went out drinking only one time last week. At least I’m trying to change.† The nurse responds, â€Å"I appreciate your effort, but you agreed to abstain from alcohol completely.† The nurse is: a. Using cognitive restructuring. b. Preventing manipulation. c. Showing empathy. d. Using flooding. Rationale: 9. A nurse and patient who developed a therapeutic relationship enter the termination phase. An important nursing intervention for this stage is for the nurse to: a. Provide structure and intensive support. b. Inform the patient of the progress made. c. Encourage the patient to describe goals for change. d. Discuss feelings about termination with the patient. Rationale: 10.Which patient behavior would require the most immediate limit setting? a. The patient makes self-deprecating remarks. b. At a goal-setting meeting, the patient interrupts others to express delusions. c. During dinner, a patient manipulates an older adult patient to obtain a second dessert. d. A patient shouts at a roommate, â€Å"You are perverted! You watched me undress.† Rationale: 11.A patient playing pool with another patient throws down the pool cue and begins swearing. The nurse should initially intervene by: a. Asking other patients to leave the room. b. Calling for assistance to restrain the patient. c. Suggesting a time-out in the patient’s room. d. Restating rules of the milieu related to swearing. Rationale: 12.A nurse says, â€Å"What step would you like to take next to resolve this issue?† The patient stands up and shouts, â€Å"You are so controlling! You want me to do everything your way.† What is the likely basis of the patient’s behavior? a. Projection b. Dissociation c. Transference d. Emotional catharsis Rationale: 13.A patient with suicidal ideation is hospitalized. What is the priority intervention? a. Negotiating a no-harm contract. b. Facilitating attendance at groups. c. Administering a psychotropic drug. d. Determining the precipitating situation. Rationale: 14.Following the admission interview, a spouse of a patient asks the nurse, â€Å"Why did you ask my partner all those questions? Some of them had nothing to do with current problems.† The nurse’s best response is, â€Å"Those questions help us understand: a. The patient’s current status.† b. The complete family history.† c. The patient’s past experiences.† d. What the patient prognosis will be?† Rationale: 15.After breakfast, a depressed patient pleads with the nurse, â€Å"Please let me go to my room to lie down for a while.† The nurse should: a. Explain that the patient must attend scheduled activities. b. Bargain with the patient to attend the next activity, then rest. c. Rearrange the patient’s schedule to accommodate the request. d. Explain that the team will be displeased if the schedule is not followed. Rationale: 16.When communicating with a withdrawn, depressed patient who speaks slowly and in monosyllables, the nurse should: a. Be as cheerful as possible. b. Use simple, direct sentences. c. Use silence while assisting the patient. d. Frequently encourage the patient to elaborate. Rationale: 17.Which topics should be included by the nurse preparing psychoeducational groups for patients with major depressive disorder and their families? Select all that apply. 1. Flight of ideas 2. Changes in weight and sleep 3. Feelings of importance or elation 4. Psychomotor retardation or agitation 5. Inability to concentrate or make decisions a.1,2,3 b.2,3,4 c.2,4,5 d. 1,2,3,4,5 Rationale:

A Short Biography of J.D. Salinger - 1316 Words

J. D. Salinger was an American writer who wrote fiction short stories and novels. Some critics dont like his books, yet others do. He had a remarkable life and story. Salinger was an influential 20th century American writer whose works were very scrutinized. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919. He was known as J. D. Salinger. He was born in New York, New York. His fathers name was Sol Salinger. His mothers name was Miriam Jillich Salinger. His father was Jewish and his mother was a Christian. He had a sister named Doris who was eight years older than Jerome was. She was born in Chicago. J. D. Salinger had dark hair, and dark eyes. He looked very mysterious. He was the second and youngest child. He was raised in a†¦show more content†¦He was a man who kept to himself. New York wasnt the place from him because he could never really be alone. He needed a place that would be private. He wanted to live somewhere that wasnt over populated with people. Salinger moved to Cornish, New Hampshire. He wanted to make sure that he was removed from the public eye. (â€Å"Jerome David Salinger†) In the late 1980s, Salinger married a young nurse named Colleen ONeill. They were married until his death. J. D. Salinger died on January 27, 2010. He was ninety one years old. He died at his home in Cornish, New Hampshire. (â€Å"Main Page†) Some critics dont care for the Catcher in the Rye because of its overuse of bad language. The novel turned out to be very popular. It sold over sixty million copies! Thats amazing. Moreover, in 1956, some dam in critical interest seems to burst. Study after study is published; the 1950s are dubbed the Decade of Salinger; contemporaneous writers complain of neglect. Holden Caulfield is compared not only to Huck Finn but to Billy Budd, David Copperfield, Natty Bumppo, Quentin Compson, Ishmael, Peter Pan, Hamlet, Jesus Christ, Adam, Stephen Dedalus, and Leopold Bloom put together. What critic George Steiner calls the Salinger industry swells fantastically, until it sits like a large, determined bird on a bunker-like egg. (Jen) It has become veryShow MoreRelatedJ.D. Salinger is Holden Caulfield1666 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger is an odd character with a colorful background. He was a young man unable to complete college and obtain a degree, yet he was made very popular due to his writing abilities. â€Å"Despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle, ‘Salinger’ was one of the more influential twentieth century American writers.† states Biography.com, â€Å"His landmark novel, Catcher in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post World War II America.† The Catcher in the Rye told aRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesJ.D. Salinger was an American author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from hisRead MorePsychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield1173 Words   |  5 Pagesconscious and unconscious elements in a human mind by bringing fears to the conscious mind. According to Sigmund Freud, â€Å"The unconscious silently directs the thoughts and behavior of the individual† (Freud 95). Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D Salinger’s nov el, The Catcher in the Rye, is sixteen years old and does not act his own age for he is stuck in his own private world, filled with pain and suffering. In the novel, Holden can be observed through a psychoanalytical view, which providesRead MoreD. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1872 Words   |  8 Pages J. D. Salinger s novel is often called, . . . the forbidden fruit in the garden of literature (The Catcher 116). J. D. Salinger is a writer from the 1950s, a time where literature has questioned the ideas of traditions placed in a community. Through his life and through his characters Holden Caulfield and Phoebe Caulfield in the 1950s realistic fictional bildungsroman The Catcher in the Rye, the postmodernist author J. D. Salinger focuses on the theme of self isolation in society in orderRead MoreBuildup of Emotions and Lack of Communication: A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J.D. Sallinger1322 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican twentieth century author, J.D. Salinger, illustrate s the devastating consequences caused by a buildup of emotions and a lack of communication in his short story, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish.† Salinger â€Å"has become, in biographer Ian Hamiltons phrase, ‘famous for not wanting to be famous’ † (Stevick). In this short story, Salinger details the interactions of the main character, Seymour Glass, with Sybil Carpenter, a young girl. Through these interactions, Salinger provides the reader with a glimpseRead MoreJD Salinger Research Paper1671 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger, also known as J. D. Salinger, is a fascinating author best known for his novel, Catcher in the Rye. Although Salinger only published one novel, he wrote several short stories for magazines like The New Yorker and Story. A large number of these stories went on to be compiled into books such as Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. Despite the fact Salinger has not published any stories in over 45 years, his reputationRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye: Holden Caulfields Phony Phobia Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesmultiple worlds in their works. This can be seen in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger. Jerome David Salinger was the son of a Jewish father, Sol Salinger, and a Christian mother, Miriam Jillich Salinger. He was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City, and died on January 27, 2010 in Cornish, New Hampshire. There is little biographical information on Salinger since he insisted on preserving his life private. Salinger would mislead by giving out false information and complicating the pictureRead MoreA Perfect Day For Bananfish By Jerome Salinger1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe short story, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananfish† written by Jerome Salinger in 1948, is based on the idea of how people change through war. The main character, Seymour, has just gotten out of the military and is on vacation with his wife in Florida. Through his wife’s conversations, it is made apparent that Seymour has developed mental issues since returning home and these issues are shown through Seymour’s longing for isolation throughout the story. The unusual part of this fictional tale is the factRead MoreIn A World That Is Infested With Pain And Suffering, Tragedies1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Rye by Jerome David Salinger. Salinger’s narrative demonstrates the part of our conscious that is unaware. Within the text we are able to see how Caufield is avoiding to face the world, since his brother Allie died. Now, he is suffering on his own. Holden is portrayed as troubled, disobedient and failing in school demonstrates how he is unable to deal with life. While scrutinizing Salinger’s own biography it is apparent he had a difficult past. Salinger was born in 1919, New York