Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria :: Essays Papers

Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria Introduction The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for causing 500 million cases of malaria per year as well as 100-200 million deaths per year worldwide (Kuby, p438). The majority of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, especially among malnourished children. Malaria is endemic in 92 countries, where 40% of the world’s population is at risk of the disease (WHO). Documentation of malaria occurs as far back as 4000BC, with mentions of the disease on clay tablets. The name of the disease originates from the late 1800’s and is derived from ‘mal aria,’ meaning bad air. There are four members of Plasmodium that cause malaria along with P. falciparum, with P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae (Schaechter, p450). P. falciparum is considered the most important as it is by far the most deadly species. The primary vector of P. falciparum is the female anopheline mosquito, which uses humans as a host for blood meals. The male anopheline feeds only on plant juices, and is not a competent vector for the disease. Humans compromise the only suitable reservoir in the enzootic cycle of the protozoa (Schaechter, p450). Both the P. falciparum and Anopheles gambiae genomic sequences have been recently published (Gardner et al. Holt et al. 2002), thus giving rise to invaluable tools in the development of new and much needed anti-malarial drugs and vaccines, as well as new targets in mosquito control. Encounter and Entry The female Anopheles interacts with the human host by piercing the host’s epithelium and releasing Plasmodium falciparum from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream while obtaining a blood meal. The form of P. falciparum injected into the human host is the sporozoite stage in the pathogen's life cycle (Kuby, Schaechter). As humans compromise the only competent reservoir for P. falciparum, the female Anopheles must have acquired the protozoan via blood meal from another infected human 9 to 17 days prior to being able to infect a new human host. Spread and Multiplication The sporozoites enter the human host and then travel via the bloodstream to the liver, where they enter liver cells and mature into schizonts after a period of 8-14 days. Sporozoites are covered with a 45-kDa protein called circumsporozoite which mediates adhesion to hepatocytes (Kuby, p439). Schizonts are released into the bloodstream as merozoites after a week, and are capable of entering and lysing erythrocytes and thus causing disease.

Major Depressive Disorder and Patient Essay

Please complete the following: 1. Select correct answer 2. Provide rationale 3. If you complete all successfully, all points will be awarded. 4. Total points: 34 1pt for correct answer, 1 pt for rationale 1. Select the example of tort. a. The primary nurse does not complete the plan of care for a patient within 24 hours of the patient’s admission. b. An advanced practice nurse recommends that a patient who is dangerous to self and others be voluntarily hospitalized. c. A patient’s admission status is changed from involuntary to voluntary after the patient’s hallucinations subside. d. A nurse gives a PRN dose of an antipsychotic drug to a patient to prevent violent acting out because the unit is short staffed. Rationale: 2. A patient states, â€Å"I’m tired of all these therapy sessions. It’s just too much for me.† Using supportive confrontation, the nurse should reply: a. â€Å"It will get better if you just keep trying.† b. â€Å"You are doing fine. Don’t be so hard on yourself.† c. â€Å"Tell me more about how the therapy sessions are too much.† d. â€Å"I know you find this difficult, but I believe you can get through it.† Rationale: 3. What is the best analysis of this interaction? Patient: I get discouraged when I realize I’ve been struggling with my problems for over a year. Nurse: Yes you have, but many people take even longer to resolve their issues. You shouldn’t be so hard on yourself. a. The nurse has responded ineffectively to the patient’s concerns. b. The patient is expressing lack of willingness to collaborate with the nurse. c. The patient is offering the opportunity for the nurse to revise the plan of care. d. The nurse is using techniques that are consistent with the evaluation step of the nursing process. Rationale: 4. A patient with schizophrenia says to the nurse, â€Å"I feel really close to you. You’re the only true friend I have.† Select the nurse’s most therapeutic response. a. â€Å"We are not friends. Our relationship is a professional one.† b. â€Å"I feel sure there are other friends in your life. Can you name some?† c. â€Å"I am glad you trust me. Trust is important for the work we are doing together.† d. â€Å"Our relationship is professional, but let’s explores ways to strengthen friendships in your life.† Rationale: 5. As a patient and nurse move into the working stage of a therapeutic relationship, the nurse’s most beneficial statement is: a. â€Å"I want to be helpful to you as we explore your problems and the way you express feelings.† b. â€Å"A good long-term goal for someone your age would be to develop better job-related skills.† c. â€Å"Of the problems we have discussed so far, which ones would you most like to work on?† d. â€Å"When someone gives you a compliment, I notice that you become very quiet.† Rationale: 6. Complete this goal statement for a newly admitted patient. â€Å"By the end of the orientation stage of the therapeutic relationship, the patient will demonstrate: a. Greater independence.† b. Increased self-responsibility.† c. Trust and rapport with two staff.† d. Ability to problem-solve one issue.† Rationale: 7. A patient with a history of self-mutilation says to the nurse, â€Å"I want to stop hurting myself.† What is the initial step of the problem-solving process to be taken toward resolution of a patient’s identified problem? a. Deciding on a plan of action b. Determining necessary changes c. Considering alternative behaviors d. Describing the problem or situation Rationale: 8. A patient says, â€Å"I went out drinking only one time last week. At least I’m trying to change.† The nurse responds, â€Å"I appreciate your effort, but you agreed to abstain from alcohol completely.† The nurse is: a. Using cognitive restructuring. b. Preventing manipulation. c. Showing empathy. d. Using flooding. Rationale: 9. A nurse and patient who developed a therapeutic relationship enter the termination phase. An important nursing intervention for this stage is for the nurse to: a. Provide structure and intensive support. b. Inform the patient of the progress made. c. Encourage the patient to describe goals for change. d. Discuss feelings about termination with the patient. Rationale: 10.Which patient behavior would require the most immediate limit setting? a. The patient makes self-deprecating remarks. b. At a goal-setting meeting, the patient interrupts others to express delusions. c. During dinner, a patient manipulates an older adult patient to obtain a second dessert. d. A patient shouts at a roommate, â€Å"You are perverted! You watched me undress.† Rationale: 11.A patient playing pool with another patient throws down the pool cue and begins swearing. The nurse should initially intervene by: a. Asking other patients to leave the room. b. Calling for assistance to restrain the patient. c. Suggesting a time-out in the patient’s room. d. Restating rules of the milieu related to swearing. Rationale: 12.A nurse says, â€Å"What step would you like to take next to resolve this issue?† The patient stands up and shouts, â€Å"You are so controlling! You want me to do everything your way.† What is the likely basis of the patient’s behavior? a. Projection b. Dissociation c. Transference d. Emotional catharsis Rationale: 13.A patient with suicidal ideation is hospitalized. What is the priority intervention? a. Negotiating a no-harm contract. b. Facilitating attendance at groups. c. Administering a psychotropic drug. d. Determining the precipitating situation. Rationale: 14.Following the admission interview, a spouse of a patient asks the nurse, â€Å"Why did you ask my partner all those questions? Some of them had nothing to do with current problems.† The nurse’s best response is, â€Å"Those questions help us understand: a. The patient’s current status.† b. The complete family history.† c. The patient’s past experiences.† d. What the patient prognosis will be?† Rationale: 15.After breakfast, a depressed patient pleads with the nurse, â€Å"Please let me go to my room to lie down for a while.† The nurse should: a. Explain that the patient must attend scheduled activities. b. Bargain with the patient to attend the next activity, then rest. c. Rearrange the patient’s schedule to accommodate the request. d. Explain that the team will be displeased if the schedule is not followed. Rationale: 16.When communicating with a withdrawn, depressed patient who speaks slowly and in monosyllables, the nurse should: a. Be as cheerful as possible. b. Use simple, direct sentences. c. Use silence while assisting the patient. d. Frequently encourage the patient to elaborate. Rationale: 17.Which topics should be included by the nurse preparing psychoeducational groups for patients with major depressive disorder and their families? Select all that apply. 1. Flight of ideas 2. Changes in weight and sleep 3. Feelings of importance or elation 4. Psychomotor retardation or agitation 5. Inability to concentrate or make decisions a.1,2,3 b.2,3,4 c.2,4,5 d. 1,2,3,4,5 Rationale:

A Short Biography of J.D. Salinger - 1316 Words

J. D. Salinger was an American writer who wrote fiction short stories and novels. Some critics dont like his books, yet others do. He had a remarkable life and story. Salinger was an influential 20th century American writer whose works were very scrutinized. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919. He was known as J. D. Salinger. He was born in New York, New York. His fathers name was Sol Salinger. His mothers name was Miriam Jillich Salinger. His father was Jewish and his mother was a Christian. He had a sister named Doris who was eight years older than Jerome was. She was born in Chicago. J. D. Salinger had dark hair, and dark eyes. He looked very mysterious. He was the second and youngest child. He was raised in a†¦show more content†¦He was a man who kept to himself. New York wasnt the place from him because he could never really be alone. He needed a place that would be private. He wanted to live somewhere that wasnt over populated with people. Salinger moved to Cornish, New Hampshire. He wanted to make sure that he was removed from the public eye. (â€Å"Jerome David Salinger†) In the late 1980s, Salinger married a young nurse named Colleen ONeill. They were married until his death. J. D. Salinger died on January 27, 2010. He was ninety one years old. He died at his home in Cornish, New Hampshire. (â€Å"Main Page†) Some critics dont care for the Catcher in the Rye because of its overuse of bad language. The novel turned out to be very popular. It sold over sixty million copies! Thats amazing. Moreover, in 1956, some dam in critical interest seems to burst. Study after study is published; the 1950s are dubbed the Decade of Salinger; contemporaneous writers complain of neglect. Holden Caulfield is compared not only to Huck Finn but to Billy Budd, David Copperfield, Natty Bumppo, Quentin Compson, Ishmael, Peter Pan, Hamlet, Jesus Christ, Adam, Stephen Dedalus, and Leopold Bloom put together. What critic George Steiner calls the Salinger industry swells fantastically, until it sits like a large, determined bird on a bunker-like egg. (Jen) It has become veryShow MoreRelatedJ.D. Salinger is Holden Caulfield1666 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger is an odd character with a colorful background. He was a young man unable to complete college and obtain a degree, yet he was made very popular due to his writing abilities. â€Å"Despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle, ‘Salinger’ was one of the more influential twentieth century American writers.† states Biography.com, â€Å"His landmark novel, Catcher in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post World War II America.† The Catcher in the Rye told aRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesJ.D. Salinger was an American author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from hisRead MorePsychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield1173 Words   |  5 Pagesconscious and unconscious elements in a human mind by bringing fears to the conscious mind. According to Sigmund Freud, â€Å"The unconscious silently directs the thoughts and behavior of the individual† (Freud 95). Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D Salinger’s nov el, The Catcher in the Rye, is sixteen years old and does not act his own age for he is stuck in his own private world, filled with pain and suffering. In the novel, Holden can be observed through a psychoanalytical view, which providesRead MoreD. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1872 Words   |  8 Pages J. D. Salinger s novel is often called, . . . the forbidden fruit in the garden of literature (The Catcher 116). J. D. Salinger is a writer from the 1950s, a time where literature has questioned the ideas of traditions placed in a community. Through his life and through his characters Holden Caulfield and Phoebe Caulfield in the 1950s realistic fictional bildungsroman The Catcher in the Rye, the postmodernist author J. D. Salinger focuses on the theme of self isolation in society in orderRead MoreBuildup of Emotions and Lack of Communication: A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J.D. Sallinger1322 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican twentieth century author, J.D. Salinger, illustrate s the devastating consequences caused by a buildup of emotions and a lack of communication in his short story, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish.† Salinger â€Å"has become, in biographer Ian Hamiltons phrase, ‘famous for not wanting to be famous’ † (Stevick). In this short story, Salinger details the interactions of the main character, Seymour Glass, with Sybil Carpenter, a young girl. Through these interactions, Salinger provides the reader with a glimpseRead MoreJD Salinger Research Paper1671 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger, also known as J. D. Salinger, is a fascinating author best known for his novel, Catcher in the Rye. Although Salinger only published one novel, he wrote several short stories for magazines like The New Yorker and Story. A large number of these stories went on to be compiled into books such as Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. Despite the fact Salinger has not published any stories in over 45 years, his reputationRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye: Holden Caulfields Phony Phobia Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesmultiple worlds in their works. This can be seen in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger. Jerome David Salinger was the son of a Jewish father, Sol Salinger, and a Christian mother, Miriam Jillich Salinger. He was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City, and died on January 27, 2010 in Cornish, New Hampshire. There is little biographical information on Salinger since he insisted on preserving his life private. Salinger would mislead by giving out false information and complicating the pictureRead MoreA Perfect Day For Bananfish By Jerome Salinger1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe short story, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananfish† written by Jerome Salinger in 1948, is based on the idea of how people change through war. The main character, Seymour, has just gotten out of the military and is on vacation with his wife in Florida. Through his wife’s conversations, it is made apparent that Seymour has developed mental issues since returning home and these issues are shown through Seymour’s longing for isolation throughout the story. The unusual part of this fictional tale is the factRead MoreIn A World That Is Infested With Pain And Suffering, Tragedies1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Rye by Jerome David Salinger. Salinger’s narrative demonstrates the part of our conscious that is unaware. Within the text we are able to see how Caufield is avoiding to face the world, since his brother Allie died. Now, he is suffering on his own. Holden is portrayed as troubled, disobedient and failing in school demonstrates how he is unable to deal with life. While scrutinizing Salinger’s own biography it is apparent he had a difficult past. Salinger was born in 1919, New York

The United States And Japan - 902 Words

In today world, the United States and Japan have a strong political, economic and military relationship. The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies and partners. Both countries are strong economic and political superpowers that help run the world. Both countries also support the preservation of political and economic freedoms as well as the support of human rights. However, despite modernization and American influence, the Japanese way of life is still vastly different than that of America. Although both countries operate and function in similar ways the overall foundation of both countries is different. The U.S and Japan are both huge and powerful modern industrialized countries. However, both have similarities and differences in the way they function. First some general information about both countries. In Japan, you would make roughly around 29.7 percent less money every year compared to if you lived in the U.S. Also, if you lived in Japan you would have a longer lifespan of about 5 years and consume 44 percent less electricity. If you lived in Japan, you would be less likely to be unemployed by about 43 percent with American unemployment rate being about 7.1 percent compared to Japans 4.3. However, overall if you lived in japan you are still 6 percent more likely to live below the poverty line with 16 percent of the Japanese population living below the poverty line compared to the U.S 15.1 percent. Japan and the United States are two major economicShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Japan1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States and Japan were no exceptions to this, with one major difference. As an island nation, Japan lacked the resources and raw materials necessary to expand its military and heavy industry, a popular strategy for ending depression and stimulating economic recovery and expansion. As such, Japan turned to military conquest and imperialism to gather the necessary resources. Standing in the way was an impediment long-seen as an obstacle to the Japanese military leadership – the United StatesRead MoreThe United States And Japan3771 Words   |  16 PagesAfter the atomic bombs had fallen and Japan was smoldering, very few people thought the† land of the rising sun† would ever rise again. However, as history can attest, they were wrong. In the wake of the 1945 bombings, the occupation and subsequent reconstruction of Japan was begun, just a short month later. The reconstruction of Japan was spearheaded by the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, General Douglas MacArthur, and was formulated before the smoke even cleared .This reconstruction plan openedRead MoreThe United States And Japan1345 Words   |  6 PagesDue to Japan never wanting to surrender to the United States of America, two bombs were dropped on two cities which were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There were many reasons why the United States decided to launch their nuclear attack. One of those reasons was that they wanted to end the war and save lives. An invasion would have cost too much and would have had a lot more people killed. Another reason was that the U.S didn’t want another war happening which was going to be Russia vs Japan. They intervenedRead MoreJapan And The United States1026 Words   |  5 PagesJapanese fleets on the U.S. city of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This takes place with two rivaling countries, Japan the United States. This paper wil l give detail on this tragic event, and how it will end. Cause of Pearl Harbor Japan, after winning against the weak fleets of Russia, the felt powerful over the years. Having dominance over some countries. But what was her deal with the U.S.? To start, Japan increased the need of natural resources including Oil, Minerals, Steel. This also came with theirRead MoreThe United States And Japan1158 Words   |  5 Pagesoutcry from the public and leaders for something to be done to reduce the increasingly growing number of Japanese immigrants in the West Coast. Subsequent regulations placed on the Japanese in the United States made them aggravated. There was serious trouble brewing between the United States and Japan until the Japanese carried out attacks on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor there was increased spread of propaganda from the press and local leaders against the peopleRead MoreDifferences Between Japan And The United States1605 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Business Culture and Ethics Between Japan and the United States Since Japan’s exit from isolation and entrance into global, cross cultural exchange, many aspects of the Japanese culture have been shaped and changed from their original traditionalism. Despite Western influence, however, Japan has been able to maintain a sense of cultural identity through unique practices that are rooted in the original culture. A prime example of this autonomy can be found when observing JapaneseRead MoreDifference Between Japan And The United States858 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences. The Japanese management was expecting the American workers to be like the Japanese people. They did not quite understand that their are differences between Japan and the United States. The employees here in the United States will not work over time if they don’t get paid for it. In Japan, it is completely different. Japan employees will work for $8 and hour, and seven days a week with unpaid overtime. This is what the Japanese were expecting the workers to be like . There are lots of problemsRead MoreThe Confrontation Between Japan And The United States1493 Words   |  6 PagesThis confrontation between Japan and the United States impacted the battles to come in the Pacific. History has proven the island of Midway to be an important base for many operations during World War II. Had the United States lost this battle, the war may have reached a different outcome. The Battle of Midway proved to be a crucial point for the United States in preventing the Japanese from taking control of the Pacific region during World War II. If Midway had fallen into the hands of the JapaneseRead MoreJapan and the United States: Different but Alike!713 Words   |  3 PagesJapan and the United States:Different but Alike! The culture of a place is an integral part of its society whether that place is a remote Indian village in Brazil or a highly industrialized city in Western Europe. The culture of Japan fascinates people in the United States because, at first glance, it seems so different. Everything that characterizes the United States--newness, racial heterogeneity, vast territory, informality, and an ethic of individualism-- is absent in Japan. There, one findsRead MoreThe United States And Japan s Involvement1687 Words   |  7 Pagesbut watch as the United States dropped the world’s first atomic bomb on his hometown. Three days later, while terror was still raging in Hiroshima, the US dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. While it may seem inhumane for the US to have used such powerful weapons on Japan, the US had many reasons to use such drastic measures. The United States and Japan s involvement in WW2 led to the eventual use of atomic weapons causing a series of devastating ef fects that changed Japan and the world forever

To What Extent Are Pressure Groups Good for Democracy

Pressure groups are formal (Insider) and informal (Outsider) associations whose goals are to further the interests of a specific section of the society to promote a particular cause by influencing the decisions of the government. An insider group is a pressure group which is very involved in the decision making of policies e.g. Cancer Research UK. An outsider group is a pressure who is not associated with decision making as they like to assert their independence and lack political clout e.g. Greenpeace. However there are some outsider groups that want to be affiliated and become an insider, but they have not yet been asked by the government e.g. Association of British Drivers. These groups are also known as â€Å"Aspiring Insiders†. These†¦show more content†¦As long as there is some form of influence they create an opportunity to the politically active part of our population to decision makers both directly and indirectly. Age UK and different unions represent public service workers and their different interests as they have an enormous membership and they are very effective. This is very good for democracy as it takes away authority from Government and gives power right back to the people, but indirectly. We are represented more equally and are represented more than just being part of our local constituency. This creates an opportunity of being represented very broadly. However, size of pressure groups can create a twist in the democratic process as well as how big your pressure group is in terms of numbers. The Countryside Alliance put out an amazing number of 300,000 sympathisers on the streets in 2003 for a protest on a ban on hunting with canines as well as issues in the rural areas. This caused an immediate panic of the government and which included an effort to run down the hunting bill in parliament generating a lot of scrutiny. But the large turnout did not reflect public opinion on the main issue of fox hunting, but they were in favour of a full ban. This represents a large population but it doesn’t necessarily mean they reflect theShow MoreRelatedThe Formation Of Social Policy1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite the United Kingdom being a democratic society, it is falling below democratic standards. At present, social media is one of the most powerful tools in shaping people’s perceptions on political ideologies, and therefore will be evaluating the extent it plays on policies as well as social conscience. The United Kingdom has two main political parties, the Conservative party and the Labour party. Although the political system in the UK has always been a multiparty system, ultimately it is eitherRead MoreAustralias System of Democracy857 Words   |  3 PagesIn reference to the Australia’s system of democracy, the pluralist theory of the state portrays the distribution of political power accurately in comparison to its rival theories, being Marxism and elitism. However, the theory faces certain limitations within the Australian political system. In order to thoroughly answer the question I will firstly start off by stating what the theory of pluralism entails by discussing the pluralist views of power. Secondly, I will highlight the characteristicsRead MoreCharacteristics Of An Interest Group1471 Words   |  6 Pagesdecided to head forward with a democracy. Since a direct democracy only worked if everybody casted a vote, we decided to be a bit more realistic and went with a representative democracy. We the people vote for representatives who then have the power to make decisions based off what the majority of society wants. Then came the idea of having interest groups, groups that are supposed to represent the ideas of the majority of society. Interest groups have representatives pressure policy makers to make policiesRead MoreTo What Extent Does Democracy in the Uk Suffer from a Participation Crisis?1234 Words   |  5 PagesPolitics Essay To what extent does democracy in the UK suffer from a participation crisis? (25 marks) There are a lot of ways in which citizens can participate in politics in the UK without necessarily having to vote for example: joining a political party, boycotting, and even signing petitions and fund raising. However, there is an argument that there has been a participation crisis over the past years in the UK. A participation crisis is when less and less citizens take part in politicalRead MoreSocial Policy is a Pluralistic Process.973 Words   |  4 Pages It will then go on to consider how social policy gets made; it can assess the extent to which different ideas actually become social policy. The different models will help to judge the relative influence of different groups with their different ideas. The third part compares the early social policy with the contemporary social policy and the pluralism with the other ‘Power Models’ of democracy in practice. Finally, some conclusions will be drawn as to sum up the mainRead MoreIs Electoral Participation Necessary For Political Participation?1538 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is the rule of the people, therefore, for it to be at its full potential, citizens must participate in the decision-making process. However, for a large part of the public, political participation does not go beyond electoral participation. Nonetheless, even the most common form of political engagement, namely voting, is in decline (Whiteley, 2012, pp.37-38). Although electoral participation is not the ultimate measure of political participation, it is one of the most significant and easiestRead More The Role of Business in Foreign Policy Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesspread democracy, I think the US foreign policy is not only influenced by business but is controlled by those with these business-related interests as well. In this essay I will argue the magnitude of the influence of business on foreign policy in the United Sates government. For most of Americas history, foreign policy has reflected an obsession with open markets for American business. Democracy and capitalism are associated with open markets, and the US has made the spread of democracy and capitalismRead MoreWebers Theory on Social Stratification Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesmost are at the top of the economic order and people with the least are at the bottom. Status groups are formed according to ones unequal access to prestige, honor, and power. This can change from society to society and is not based on ones personal wealth. Status is usually inherited and can not be gained trough religion, race, or ethnicity. There are two points that characterize status groups: First there is based on occupation-CEO of corporations, high powered and prestigious positions. SecondlyRead MoreThe Global Challenges of Comparative Politics1393 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction, and electronic communication technologies would promote a worldwide expansion of opportunity and enhance human development. We have been forced to rethink the meaning of globalization Since on September 11, 2001, when the Islamic terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden launched deadly attacks on The World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The attacks created a new challenge, and produced a tragic and somber critical juncture following the brief post-cold war period. Many countries have beenRead MoreLemmings of the Media Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesfreely is a major part of what drives our society, and allows us to make educated decisions and take the right actions. There are several different theories that each explains as to how we have gained the knowledge of issues and policies pertaining to our government today which has helped us to formulate the ideas and opinions that we hold. Of these theories are: pluralist, democratic, and elitist. Each theory holds beliefs as to how public opinion is formed, and in what ways the government may manipulate

Amerindians of the Caribbean Free Essays

Content Topic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Appearance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 Entertainment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Housing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Survival (farming and hunting)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Topic: The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, land use patterns and their effect on the landscape and biota. We will write a custom essay sample on Amerindians of the Caribbean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The Arawaks are thought to have settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River around 3,500 years ago. They planted manioc (manihot esculenta) which they baked into bread on ceramic griddles on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River also around 2,000 years ago leaving a unique type of rock engraving, called Timehri Petroglyphs. Due to the amount of rich protein supply found along the coastal swamps, the Arawaks moved hundreds of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to build habitation mounds and raised fields for farming. According to Denis Williams this settlement strategy has sustained human population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the rainy season the Arawaks hunted a lot, when animals were said to migrate from lowlands in search of high ground. Animals commonly hunted were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, agouti, birds, parrots and turtles. They were known as food producers, also they are also known for their pottery making skills as they were the first people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks have made great contributions to Guyana culture, today many places are named by the Arawaks, most of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak nation is deemed the most intelligent of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana showing the location of the Arawaks History The Amerindians is said to be the first inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory about 11,000 years ago. Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal plain was built up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,000 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the second nation to arrive in Guyana after the Warraus who came before approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes have been extinct for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million down to just a few thousand by the early part of the 16th century? Throughout history the Arawak were subject to many hostile take-overs, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had become extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been eliminated or greatly reduced in number in many areas, some of which include the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the Virgin Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwards of 30, 000 Arawak currently reside in Guyana, with a very small number existing in Suriname and French Guiana. Appearance Because of the broad distribution of the Arawaks, little uniformity can be found in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak distinguish them from the rest of the world. The Arawaks were well shaped, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was â€Å"olive† which mean smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered naturally good- looking but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their heads were flattened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty. This is thought to have been done to thicken the skull thus it could withstand heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils probably flared wide. Their hair was straight and black but coarse and was usually worn long. Figure 2: showing an Arawak family The Arawak men painted their bodies with bright colored dyes with clay and fat mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies: â€Å"some of them †¦ with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and eyes or only the nose†. The favorite paint was Roucou a red dye, besides being colorful, the clay and grease kept insects and rain off. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments made from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of gold and copper alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in gold crowns and feather headdresses. Sometimes the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or hanging ornaments. The Arawaks saw gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore simple bead aprons and necklaces. A number of small amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton; shell and clay were woven into hair. Figure 3: showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entertainment The Arawaks had ample leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a baby was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name will meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the inauguration of a new cacique were times of festivity. Arawaks are fond of sports, although not competitive like us. The favorite sport called batos was a ball game with the cross between volleyball and football. The game was played with a hard rubber ball. The main aim of the game was to keep the ball in the air using only the thighs and never touching the hands or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks’ pleasure was that of smoking. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba and the pipe for smoking the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks liked tobacco for peace and contentment, and for helping them to meditate. They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4: showing Arawak harvesting and smoking tobacco Housing All the Arawaks needed were a shelter to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with steep thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the door. The construction of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were put into the ground in a circle and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conical shape and a hole was left at the top to allow smoke to escape. There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were thoroughly built and could withstand hurricanes. The tasks of building houses were done by the men. Fig. 5: showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, growing food mainly for their own needs and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They cut down trees to make room for planting and used the â€Å"slash-and-burn† method of farming. This is a simple method where the land was burnt to clear it of weeds and bush. The ash produced was mixed with fish and urine to produce fertilizer to help prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were then planted in the ashes among the blackened tree stumps. These primitive farmers did not practice crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the soil would become exhausted, and the village would proceed to clear fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting cultivation is their new form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the preparation of food. The crop cassava (also known manioc), slips were cut from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. Cassava was planted twice a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mammy apples as they believed that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to living on the coast oceans and rivers were rich in foods which needed little effort to gather: shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull. Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only domestic animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6: Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which required special preparation since it was poisonous in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an indication of this tool. This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, while a weight was attached to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remaining paste was left to dry and then pounded into flour using a stone mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended period of time. Fig. 7: showing an Arawak grind stone Seasoning played a big part in food preparation. Salt and especially pepper were the common seasonings used. In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, salt and pepper was frequently used, especially when serving the Arawaks’ simplest dish, ‘pepperpot’. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are widely used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, potato and some meat were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about three times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night. The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and maize such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon except on some ceremonial occasions. However, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks’ religious believe was called animism and was based on a spirit world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the universal creator, a supreme being who they called Aluberi. They also believed that the sky was the source of all things powerful and good. Certain men in society were single out to explain the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have supernatural powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the presence of evil spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were versed in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. Connected with the belief in evil spirits also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its victims for years for the sake of revenge. He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil: An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http://www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guyana//html accessed December 10, 2012 http://www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012 How to cite Amerindians of the Caribbean, Papers

Management Theory and Functions and Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory and Functions. Answer: The essay focuses on themanagement theory and functions andpractice of management to gain competencies. The changing nature of external environment is creating requirements for addressing external changes (Cummings and Worley, 2014). In the present context, systems theory and contingency theory to the emergencymanagement process is stressed. Management theory put a stress over the effective planning in order to ensure organizational goals. In case of Emergency and crisis management the focus is over the effective recovery to gain organizational goals (Booth, 2015). For Building a sustainable organization it is evident to manage the community to gain a common goal. The overall purpose is to improve emergency management practice in the provided field. The organization having a diverse position helps in regulating the functions in an effective way. The overall objective is to manage the operational and organizational goals by understanding the managerial principles. This concept include s strategic and contingent planning in order to handle organizational issues. This forms to be a base for an organization in achieving upcoming functions (March, 2013). The process of management developed due to the formalization through the final component of the Nineteenth Century and all through the Twentieth Century due to the growth of industrial revolution. Management theory assists in provided that a sound foundation for sustaining the emergence of management theory utilizing the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling. While considering the Taylor scientific approach, it is clear that the initial revolution is viewed as both the process and position of the manager (Shafritz, Ott Jang, 2015). Previously the writers have an approach that focus on organizing work and accomplishing tasks. Mintzberg focused on the position of the manager in directing the organization with an effective approach. The interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles are characterized jointly appropriate to the manager in different types of organization (Cameron and Green, 2015). The strategic management theory has grown continuously due to the contribution in the studies of engineering, social science etc. Hawthorne studies and a behavioral approach is one of the quantitative approaches in order to function appropriately (Bridges and Bridges, 2017). The management is affected by the developments in theory in utilizing engineering to plan the operations in order to gain competencies (Daft, 2014). Strategic Choice Theory creates deliberation of pertinent forces in the exterior environment that influence employment relationships. The shifting exterior environment induces employers to build alteration in their competitive business strategies. All These modifications are important for measuring the range of controlled so as to be reliable with the principles, viewpoint, and philosophies. This helps in managing the changes in the mind of key decision-makers. For gaining effective market opportunities, it is important to measure the choice in relation to the historical and institutional structures. While taking an organizational action, it is evident to check the feasible options that are available at a given time. This helps in managing the constrained by the outcomes of previous organizational decisions. It is also related to the current distribution of power in an organization. It is in between the unions, government agencies, or other external organizational factors. The social determinism theory is completely based on the individual attitude in getting work done. This theory is based on the compilation of the individual attitude towards the organization (Greenwood, et al 2017). The determinist approach is managed by the preceding factors in a predictable way. People can arrange changes in an effective way that allow in managing the various factors in the past events. Behaviorist is the strong believer of the determinism in managing the organization. An understanding of an organization growth is important to measure the long term sustainable strategy and policy.Researchers have developed a strategy in order to manage the organizational growth and development. These strategies are important for framing the appropriateness in order to resolve the conflicts. Possibilities in organizational changes are important to manage the organizational goals. New possibilities in the organization are affecting the concepts that affect the learning and development. It is important for managing the changes in the most effective way (Manning, 2017). The industrial relations processes and outcomes are caused due to the continuous evolution of environmental force and organizational reactions. The virtual significance of the environment or the party varies over time. Consequently, labor- or product market changes in a unique way. Subsequently, alternative and judgment on the component of employee management, and government have an effect on the path and arrangement of industrial relations systems. This is how the organization is enormously important in shaping the variety of practicable strategic adaptations. The broader beginning of the institutional structure of industrial relations describes separate activities of management, labor, and government organizations in three parts. Firstly, the top level of strategic decision making, secondly, a middle or functional level of cooperative bargaining or employees strategy development and thirdly, a foundation or workplace-level that have an effect on individual workers, supervisors, and union legislative body. This plays an important role in managing the middle tier that includes the majority traditional territory of industrial relations. This is a significant practice necessary for managing competition. The purpose is to gain effective changes and development of the important public policies in governing labor-management relations. It is the customary business unionism dominating the association in order to gain important strategic choices or ideologies. This is driven by the decisions made at the top tier. The basic decisions are important f or deriving effective businesses to invest at worksites, in order to make decisions regarding purchases, and the organizational arrangements. This is used as an important parameter to bring out indispensable strategies that affect industrial relations at lower levels. The central mechanism helps in managing the industrial relations. The Strategic choice are related to the bottom level is directly associated with the organization of work. This is directly concerned with the structure of worker rights, the management and motivation. This is effective from the point of view of gaining long term sustainable results. Strategic planning is one of the important factors that have contributed in the process of management to monitor the shifting nature of the external forces. These factors have a long-lasting impression on the organizational operations. The process of Environmental scanning clarifies the natural environment impact on the internal operations. Organizational structure is best described as a business's approach in accordance to the market response (Hogg Terry, 2014). There are two general theories that act as a factor in building organizational policies -- deterministic and strategic. These two models vary in the degree of flexibility they presume in manipulating the marketplace. The determinist theory of the organization asserts that the marketplace is more or less under control. The business organization is under control that changes the marketplace continually in an expected way. The industry is developing in an effective way that is creating changes in the organizational structure. The overall objective of the organization is to be focused on the survival and generating better profits (Bradley, 2016). The strategic structure has applicability that focus on managing the organization as per the behavior of the customers. The business can be controlled on the basis of changes in according to the flexible market condition. The strategic organizational structure therefore embraces changes in order to attain flexible results. These are the changes that are required in order to manage the brand awareness and to gain appropriate results (Demirkan, et al 2016). The changing business needs therefore create a demand and changes the perception of the individual. In an organization, it is important to create a better opportunity in terms of dynamic growth and development. These changes are important for pursuing operation. Strategic choice theory therefore provides with an alternative approach in order to make better option. These strategic changes form to be an important part to an organizational development and growth. It is regarding individual response and belief to a particular market cha nge. This theory is used to resolve the dispute at the time of making appropriate changes (Gibbons, 2015). These factors are important for meeting desirable changes in order to gain an effective result. The changes need to be instituted in a way that helps in meeting organizational objectives. This is important in framing the sustainable organizational result in accordance to the market change. In a dynamic environment, this theory acts as an instrument to meet the desired results. On the frame of sustainability, it is important for gaining organizational results and growth (Gibbons, 2015). The business theorist and the organization have a mixed opinion about the organizational design. They consider both the determinist and organizational structure theory while considering the different factors. This is typically related to the market and industry requirements that help in gaining market competencies. The mixed concept therefore focuses on changing market viability and approach in order to gain effective results. Management theory put a stress over the effective planning in order to ensure organizational goals. In case of Emergency and crisis management the focus is over the effective recovery to gain organizational goals. Deployment of these theories is important for the organization for making appropriate organizational changes. These changes are impotent for gaining long term sustainable results. While managing the organization, it is important for undertaking the research and development in an appropriate way. With the evolution of the organizational theory it has become necessary to manage the concept in an effective way by developing an effective plan. The organizational growth is dependent on the mixture of both the approaches. These approaches are relevant for the organization in gaining continuous growth. The long term functions highly depend upon the working model that suggests growth and development. With the changing scenario, it has become evident to manage the business functions in an effective way by developing strategies. Any shift in the business strategy occurs due to the existing state of industrial relations that in return affect the three levels in an organization. These types of interactions are important for a business organization in a competitive business environment. This eventually helps in organizational growth and long term sustainability. The business environment can change abruptly that might affect the growth in a competitive business environment. A sharp increa se in competitive pressures has created a necessity of managing the decisions that are important for managing the organization growth. First, it is the responsibility of business organization to reconsider its pledge to the current line of production and settle on whether it requires trying to contend in the environment or to withdraw and reallocate. Second, in case if the organization decide to stay lively in the market, it has to make alteration in its competitive strategy. Third, the strategic choice completely depends upon the firms that stay in the market in order to rearrange their capital in order to gain competitive advantages. Finally, the changes in business strategy are related to the production decisions that affect the soundness of accessible organizational structures, in order to manage the growth. In order to manage an organization, it is evident to take effective measures to gain competencies. It is evident to check the feasible options that are available at a given time. This helps in managing the organization in a way that guarantees sustainable results. References Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Booth, S. A. (2015). Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Bradley, G. (2016). Benefit Realisation Management: A practical guide to achieving benefits through change. CRC Press. Bridges, W., and Bridges, S. (2017). Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Da Capo Press. Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E., and Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. G., and Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R.L., (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Demirkan, H., Spohrer, J.C. and Welser, J.J., (2016). Digital Innovation and Strategic Transformation. IT Professional, 18(6), pp.14-18. Gibbons, P. (2015). The Science of Successful Organizational Change: How Leaders Set Strategy, Change Behavior, and Create an Agile Culture. FT Press. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Berrone, P., Franco-Santos, M. (2014).Compensation and organizational performance: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge. Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Lawrence, T. B., Meyer, R. E. (Eds.). (2017).The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism. SAGE. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Manning, K. (2017).Organizational theory in higher education. Routledge. March, J. G. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations)(Vol. 20). Routledge. Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., Jang, Y. S. (2015). Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning.